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However, the role of oxidative stress has only been proven for some types of cancer, neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Alzheimers, Parkinsons, and Huntingtons disease), and conditions involving chronic inflammation (Halliwell, 2012

It was initially reported that a small percentage of NG2 + cells differentiated into astrocytes in response to proinflammatory cytokine signaling [92]

It is manifested through a number of complex molecular and systemic dysfunctions from the subcellular level to the multi-organ system of the whole body

Dopamine release in the nucleus caudatus and in the nucleus accumbens is under glutamatergic control through non-NMDA receptors: a study in freely-moving rats

For the most part, hypotheses related to these factors are not entirely new (113, 114, 126), but recent developments across several fields generate renewed interest (139)