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In the same way, the depletion of LRRK2 or application of LRRK2 inhibitors decreases ROS, restores mitochondrial function, prevents mitochondrial fragmentation, and blocks increases in proapoptotic proteins including caspase 3, Bax, and apoptotic-inducing factor [53,54,55]

Pena SDJ

As research advances, integrating genetic, molecular, and clinical insights will be critical to developing effective therapies that not only alleviate symptoms, but also modify the course of the disease and improve the lives of patients and their families

Increased energy production leads to increased ROS production which induces enhanced expression of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, specifically GSTS1, Gtpx-2, Txp-1 and vitellogenin to protect against oxidative damage

However, conclusions are limited by heterogeneity between studies, and data would be strengthened by larger, randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter trials