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One milliliter of a PBS-based reaction mixture containing propidium iodide (20 g/mL), RNase (0.2 g/mL), and 0.1% Triton X-100 (Sigma) was added to the cell samples at a density of 1 10 6 cells/mL and incubated in the dark for 40 min before a DNA content analysis was conducted through flow cytometry

Based on the evidence that heat-shock proteins (Hsps) can exert neuroprotective effects against oxidative stress-related injury and that nutritional antioxidants are able to upregulate Hsps in neurons, use of nutritional antioxidants such as carnitine/acetyl-L-carnitine has been advocated to counteract the oxidative stress-induced brain damage in Alzheimer's disease [67, 119]

Carnitine is synthesized from lysine and methionine with the help of vitamin C, vitamin B3, vitamin B6, and iron in hepatocytes, kidney, and brain cells

Access this chapter Subscribe and save Buy Now Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout Purchases are for personal use only Similar content being viewed by others References Director, Standards Review Division, Food Safety Department 0601001, Pharmaceuticals and Food Bureau, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare: Revision of the handling under the Food Sanitation Law of Ingredient essence (raw material) that is not judged to be a pharmaceutical unless it claims to have a pharmaceutical efficacy effect (June 1, 2004), and Shokuanki No

Whey (made from milk) naturally contains some L-carnitine, and plant-based sources contain it in small amounts, like nuts, seeds, whole grains, and some fruits and vegetables (like avocados and asparagus)