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This review highlights that NAD+ levels decline with age and play a critical role in metabolic and cellular health, with supplementation shown to raise NAD+ levels and potentially combat aspects of age-related decline

Forward-looking statements are based on Cigna's current expectations and projections about future trends, events and uncertainties

There is currently little evidence to guide practitioners on the length of treatment for newly arrived refugees who are B12 deficient, or whether those with borderline levels should be followed up

Others point to dehydration, since increased lipolysis generates metabolic water demands

Higher-dose oral B12 (e.g., 1000 g daily) is sometimes used but should only be considered under clinical supervision with appropriate monitoring, particularly in cases of malabsorption where intramuscular treatment remains the first-line approach in UK practice