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Any references to glutathione, antioxidant pathways, redox signaling, or oxidative stress are provided only for scientific and laboratory research context

During inflammatory processes, triglycerides undergo hydrolysis, forming free fatty acids (FFA) (Zhu et al., 2022), which are toxic to hepatocytes and induce apoptosis through both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways ( (2) Toxic Lipid Metabolites: The metabolism of lipids produces toxic metabolites such as malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde adducts (MAA), which further damage mitochondria and promote free radical production (Schaffert, 2009)

Reactive oxygen species activate enzymes and signal cascades that involve lipids and chromatin, and it also changes the expression, distribution and phosphorylation of TJs proteins to compromise barrier function

Whether through dietary sources or high-quality supplements, ensuring adequate intake of these antioxidants is crucial for maintaining optimal health in our fast-paced, stress-filled lives

The content of GSH and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) directly affects the GPX4 activity [22]