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Life Sci 2025;362:123381

For example, after 8 weeks of moderate-intensity exercise, sedentary women showed an increase in M2 markers (such as Dectin-1 and IL-10) and a decrease in M1 markers (such as MCP-1) on monocytes, thereby influencing macrophage polarization ( + /CD16 + monocytes in the peripheral blood of obese adults, reducing inflammatory monocyte infiltration into tissues (such as adipose tissue) and alleviating obesity-related chronic low-grade inflammation ( Although long-term endurance training and the late recovery phase after acute bouts tend to promote M2-like macrophage polarization, the early phase following acute exercise is dominated by the mobilization of pro-inflammatory monocytes and an increase in M1-like macrophage infiltration, particularly in skeletal muscle tissues ( While above human trials animal studies provide insights into the underlying mechanisms, similar effects on macrophage function have been observed in animal studies

Murakami Y, Higashi Y, Matsunaga N, Koyanagi S, Ohdo S (2008) Circadian clock-controlled intestinal expression of the multidrug-resistance gene mdr1a in mice

Hepatocyte transplantation as a bridge to orthotopic liver transplantation in terminal liver failure

It is marketed as thymosin beta-4 (T4), a naturally occurring 43-amino-acid actin-sequestering protein present in nearly all cell types and heavily involved in cell migration, angiogenesis, and tissue repair