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In response to environmental stimuli, macrophages can be activated into several subtypes involved in different functional features, including two opposing phenotypic states with pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 cells

The common top metabolic pathways significantly enriched and associated with AMD, glaucoma, DR, and myopia were arginine and proline metabolism, methionine metabolism, glycine and serine metabolism, urea cycle metabolism, and purine metabolism

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In particular, appropriately timed light exposure is a powerful synchronizer for the SCN: morning daylight can help anchor the phase of the circadian clock, counteracting the tendency for phase advance, while minimizing bright light at night, especially blue-enriched light from screens, prevents melatonin suppression and preserves sleep quality (Voiculescu et al., 2016)

We will also touch on how crosstalk between NF-B and other signaling pathways, thresholding of pathway activation, and feedback loops can modulate the inflammatory response in macrophages by altering NF-B activation