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As illustrated in Figure 4, the gut microbiota serves as a central hub in diabetic lung injury, where gut-derived metabolites and toxins (e.g., LPS, BCAAs) remotely regulate pulmonary inflammation and immune responses through systemic circulation, ultimately leading to endothelial disruption and oxidative stress

doi: 10.1038/s41590-023-01601-2 36 SteinSRRamelliSCGrazioliAChungJ-YSinghMYindaCKet al

NAD+ and NADH are functionally oppositeNAD+ oxidizes substrates (accepts electrons) while NADH reduces substrates (donates electrons), and the ratio between them governs cellular energy production and sirtuin-mediated longevity pathways

Therapeutic targeting of glutamate dehydrogenase 1 that links metabolic reprogramming and snail-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition in drug-resistant lung cancer