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Notably, similar metabolic substrate-epigenetic modification frameworks exist for other metabolites, such as lauric acid, which modulates neural cell redox balance (Ramya et al., 2022) and regulates glucose transport via histone methylation and lncRNA HOTAIR (Ramya et al., 2024), highlighting the conserved nature of this regulatory mode and potential crosstalk with lactate-lactylation

Table 2 Despite this progress, a number of significant and shared challenges remain, including a lack of validated immunological correlates of protection, uncertainty in the predictive value of preclinical animal models, lack of controlled human infection models, and limiting funding for clinical efficacy trials in LMICs

The semi-quantitative and quantitative PCR analyses revealed that MYB4 expression was induced at various wavelengths of light during dark to light transition

Although melanin primarily provides a photoprotective function, the abnormal accumulation of melanin in different parts of the skin can become a problem that results in pigmented skin patches [44,45]

This helps thicken the skin and reduce the appearance of dark circles