Data from the simultaneous measurement of extracellular acidification and oxygen consumption revealed that in glucose-fed human iPSC-derived astrocytes glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation contribute both around 50% to the ATP regeneration and that accelerated glycolysis can compensate for an impairment of mitochondrial ATP regeneration [122]
Cel 44 (1), 97112
Support glucuronidation: Calcium-D-Glucarate inhibits beta-glucuronidase in the gut, preventing deconjugation and recirculation (500 mg, 1-2x daily) R Magnesium is required for UDPGA synthesis (glycinate form, 200-400 mg daily) R Cruciferous vegetables provide indole-3-carbinol, which upregulates UGT1A1 R Support glutathione conjugation: NAC (N-Acetyl Cysteine) is the rate-limiting precursor for glutathione synthesis (600-1200 mg daily) R Liposomal Glutathione provides direct glutathione repletion (250-500 mg daily) R Glycine is one of the three amino acids in glutathione and is often the limiting factor (3-5 g daily) R Milk Thistle (Silymarin) upregulates glutathione synthesis and has direct hepatoprotective effects (200-400 mg daily) R Sulforaphane activates NRF2, which induces GST, UGT, and NQO1 gene expression (from broccoli sprout extract, 30-60 mg daily) R Support sulfation: Taurine provides sulfur, supports bile acid conjugation, and is a direct conjugation amino acid (1-3 g daily) R Molybdenum is required for sulfite oxidase, which converts toxic sulfite to sulfate (150-500 mcg daily) R NAC also provides cysteine, a sulfur-containing amino acid and PAPS precursor R Epsom salt baths provide transdermal magnesium sulfate (both magnesium and sulfate) Support methylation: Methylated B Complex provides methylfolate, methylcobalamin, riboflavin-5-phosphate, and P5P, all required for the methylation cycle R SAM-e provides direct methyl donor supplementation (200-400 mg daily on empty stomach, start low and titrate) R Magnesium is a cofactor for methionine synthase and multiple methyltransferases R Support acetylation and amino acid conjugation: Glycine is the primary amino acid used in Phase II amino acid conjugation and is chronically depleted in many patients (3-5 g daily) R Taurine supports bile acid conjugation and is a secondary amino acid conjugation substrate R Methylated B Complex provides vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid), required for CoA synthesis R Support excretion (binders and bile flow): Activated Charcoal binds conjugated toxins in the gut, preventing reabsorption (500-1000 mg, 2 hours away from food and supplements) R Zeolite (clinoptilolite) binds heavy metals and mycotoxins in the GI tract R Milk Thistle supports bile flow (choleretic effect) and hepatocyte protection R Adequate fiber intake supports stool transit and reduces enterohepatic recirculation time What To Stay Away From These compounds either deplete conjugation cofactors, overwhelm the pathways, or directly inhibit Phase II enzymes
In addition, some quinone compounds, such as -LAPachone and aloin, have similar effects on heart protection [182, 183]
However, formulation considerations apply: Vitamin C and copper can chelate
