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Astrocytes are intimately interconnected with all cells of the nervous tissue (the brain active milieu 15 ), with numerous feedback and feedforward signals contributing to the integration of a broad variety of cellular functions in the CNS

Food Chem Toxicol 40(5):723729 Farag AT, Karkour TAZ, El Okazy A (2006) Developmental toxicity of orally administered technical dimethoate in rats

7.5 Microglia Brain-resident macrophages engage in debris engulfment and cytokine release, steering innate defense within CNS insults, ultimately tipping the balance toward either neuronal rescue or damage (Prinz et al., 2019)

Gruszka MD, PhD, an independent medical writer, who wrote the paper on behalf of Springer Healthcare Italia, and Monica Tambalo, PhD, who created the figures using BioRender.com on behalf of Springer Healthcare Italia

Most investigations employed in vivo rodent models (rats or mice), whereas a smaller number utilized in vitro neuronal systems, including SH-SY5Y cells and primary astrocyte cultures