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There is no proper knowledge about the dosage and intake regimen to avoid inappropriate use or overuse, which can lead to toxic effects and health complications (202, 207)

Hasmall et al., 1999, 2000b

6 Intervention strategies 6.1 Probiotics and prebiotics 6.1.1 The concept of psychobiotics Psychobiotics are defined as live microorganisms that confer mental health benefits to the host when ingested in adequate amounts ( liwka et al., 2025)

Pulsed transcranial photobiomodulation generates distinct beneficial neurocognitive effects compared with continuous wave transcranial light

Discovery and validation of biomarkers using omics technologies The goal for new predictive translational safety biomarkers is to be able to monitor early indications of organ toxicity in clinical trials, so better informed clinical and regulatory decisions can be made and treatment can be stopped or altered before organ injury occurs (Aronson 2005