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CRediT authorship contribution statement Tianqi Liu: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Writing original draft

Poljsak B, uput D, Milisav I (2013) Achieving the balance between ROS and antioxidants: when to use the synthetic antioxidants, oxidative medicine and cellular longevity

This dual dysfunction of microglia and astrocytes leads to extensive oxidative stress, immune activation, and eventual neuronal degradation

Chronic oxidative stress is linked to a wide range of diseases, including: Cardiovascular disease : ROS damage endothelial cells lining blood vessels, promoting atherosclerosis and hypertension.[9] Neurodegenerative disorders : Oxidative damage to neurons is a key driver in conditions like Alzheimers, Parkinsons and ALS.[10] Diabetes and insulin resistance : Oxidative stress impairs insulin signaling and worsens glycemic control.[10] Cancer : DNA mutations caused by free radical damage may initiate or accelerate tumor development.[11] Autoimmune conditions : Oxidative stress can trigger inflammatory pathways, contributing to immune dysregulation.[9] Even outside of these conditions, oxidative stress contributes to fatigue, slower recovery, immune suppression and premature aging at the cellular level

[13] Thirdly, tyrosinase inhibition is effected indirectly via its antioxidant effect