cigarette smoking models Skinny Model a Print. Art Prints, Posters & Puzzles from Alamy Page 5 | Smoking models

[8] There are two potential mechanisms by which reactive smoke components can produce their deleterious effects on essential plasma constituents: 1) indirectly, gas-phase cigarette smoke may activate macrophages and neutrophils in the lung, which may release enzymes and oxidants capable of damaging lipids and proteins

BMJ 321 , 323329 (2000)

People don't use the same amount in one "dose." That makes it hard for researchers to set standards to measure its effects

Thirdhand smoke is the residue of secondhand smoke that accumulates on indoor surfaces over time.) When does air pollution get worse than smoking

Finally, the sample of smokers may not be representative of more heterogeneous populations